How many types of marriages are there according to Hindu scriptures? And what are the procedures for performing these marriage rituals?
In Hindu scriptures, particularly the Manusmriti and Dharmashastras, eight types of marriages (called “Ashta Vivaha”) are described. These are not all considered equally righteous or acceptable-some are ideal and sanctioned by Dharma (religious law), while others are tolerated or even condemned.
The Eight Types of Hindu Marriages (Ashta Vivaha)
| Type of Marriage | Description | Dharma Status |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Brahma Vivaha | A marriage where the bride is given to a man of good character and learning, invited by the bride's father. | Highly approved |
| 2. Daiva Vivaha | The daughter is given as a gift to a priest (Brahmin) as part of a ritual offering during a Yajna (sacrifice). Inferior to brahma | Approved but considered |
| 3. Arsha Vivaha | The bride is given in exchange for two cows or symbolic gifts from the groom to the bride's family. | Modestly approved |
| 4. Prajapatya Vivaha | The bride is given with a blessing and an emphasis on performing family and societal duties together. | Approved |
| 5. Asura Vivaha | The groom gives money or gifts to "buy" the bride from her father. | Disapproved |
| 6. Gandharva vivha | Marriage based on mutual love or consent of the couple, often without parental involvement. | Tolerated, but not ideal |
| 7 . Rakshasa vivaha | The bride is taken by force (abduction), typically in wartime or battle. | Condemned |
| 8. Paisacha Vivaha | The bride is seduced or raped, often when she is unconscious or under intoxication. | Strongly condemned |
